Friday, February 14, 2020

The Median of the Six Largest Alabama Companies Top-Tier Executives Average Annual Pay and Employee Benefits Increase Was a Very Robust 16.4% Per Year During the Past 5-10 Years. The Lowest of the Six Was a Robust 13.2% Per Year.

I have researched and made posts related to Top-Tier Executive Total Annual Compensation, a SEC-required disclosure in Company Proxy Statements, in most of the largest companies headquartered in the four earliest 2020 Democratic Primary States ..... Iowa, New Hampshire, Nevada and South Carolina.

Also of the 14 Super Tuesday US States holding their 2020 Democratic Presidential Primaries on March 3, 2020, I made like posts related to most of the largest Companies in the following 12 US States ..... California, Texas, Massachusetts, Virginia, North Carolina, Minnesota, Tennessee, Colorado, Vermont, Maine, Oklahoma and Arkansas.

So now I will be researching and making a post related to Top-Tier Executive Total Compensation of the six largest Alabama Companies, another Super Tuesday US State.

So far in my research of large US Corps I have shown that their Top-Tier Executives have been rewarded continually with just enormous annual percentage increases in pay and employee benefits, mostly stock equity compensation, to the extent that the key issue to US citizens should be the huge and continuing Income Inequality Expansion which is at the core of many critical problems the US faces.

While increasing the US federal minimum wage will help here, this would be just a mere drop in the bucket as compared to the fact that the annual percentage increase in the pay and employee benefits of Company non-executive employees are minuscule in relation to that of Company executive employees and this has been going on for decades.  When Corporate CEOs and CFOs primarily view non-executive employees as Costs rather than as People, this is what happens.  And neither political party has had the courage to take on US Corps here.

But this huge pay inequality problem also exists widely in the non-profit sector including in non-profit hospitals.  And it also exists widely in state and local governments, especially in public education.


My research has shown that Elizabeth Warren, Bernie Sanders and Tom Steyer are all spot on when they assert that US Corporate Financial Corruption is rampant.  But the problem is that none of the three of them have any clue on precisely the cause or how to effectively fix this huge problem which is the primary cause of the huge, continuing US income inequality expansion which has been occurring for decades.  They don't understand precisely the mechanics of how large US Corps have expanded income inequality so dramatically in each year for decades.  You can't fix something you don't sufficiently understand.  It's insufficient to just grouchily complain about it all of the time without offering effective solutions.

Alabama Company non-executive workers really have had the deck stacked against them for decades versus what is going on with the sky-high annual percentage pay and employee benefit raises of their Companies' Top-Tier Executives.

So which 2020 Democratic Presidential candidate could best help close this massive annual percentage pay raise gap between Alabama Company Top-Tier executives and their already massively underpaid, hardworking Alabama non-executive employees?

More than anything needed to solve this thorny problem is to possess exceptionally strong financial and data science skills, coupled with a keen understanding of how businesses operate.  And you also must have a high degree of  economic fairness. 

Joe Biden, Bernie Sanders, Elizabeth Warren and Amy Klobuchar all have little if any financial acumen, no data science understanding and little if any understanding of how businesses operate.

Further, all four of them worked for the US Government, particularly in the past ten years, when these comparative pay raise results of Top-Tier Executives and non-executive employees were so horrendous, not just in Alabama but also in every other US State.


On the positive side, all four of them have a high degree of economic fairness.

Michael Bloomberg has both the financial acumen and the understanding of how businesses operate.  

But he has no data science expertise. 

Also and most important of all, Bloomberg has a low degree of economic fairness.  In the many years he was accumulating his wealth of $60+ bil, US income inequality expanded dramatically in each year by leaps and bounds.  So, like many US business tycoons with their sole fixation on maximization of Company profits, Bloomberg accumulated his massive wealth on the backs of the declining US middle class and growing number of people dropped to the lower economic class.  And by his punitively racial "Stop and Frisk" policy, many New York City people of color were physically thrown against the wall.

And while he was accumulating his massive amount of wealth, Bloomberg was against unions.

I think there is only one Democratic Presidential candidate who has the requisite financial acumen, the data science skills, the understanding of how businesses operate and the economic fairness to help turn the tide around on this massive, continuing US income inequality expansion caused mainly by the massive gap in annual percentage pay raises between executive and non-executive employees  ....Pete Buttigieg.  

But let me go into more depth on my assessment of the main strengths and weaknesses of the other Top Five Candidates.

Frankly, Michael Bloomberg comes across as a very arrogant man.  It might work in New York City but it won't work in the clear majority of US States.  He can hide his arrogance in TV commercials but he can't hide his arrogance when he talks live as was clearly evident when he recently went on TV talk shows.

The idea that Bloomberg is worth $64+ bil and he thinks it is fine to spend $500 mil to $1 bil of it to win an election is abhorrent to a clear majority of Democrats.  It gets to the core of who Michael Bloomberg is as a person.  His character sucks.

With his New York City "Stop and Frisk" policy which included throwing the backs of many people of color up against a wall shows that he is clearly a racist.

He also has favored Redlining which is also clearly racist.

He revealed repeatedly in his business career that he is against unions.

He doesn't have an ounce of charisma.

And he is too old to be a good President.  At that advanced age, you can't have the energy that is needed to do this incredibly demanding job well.

The only really good Presidential trait that I can think of that Bloomberg has is his exceptional financial acumen. 

With all of Bloomberg's flaws, coupled with a good US economy significantly helping Trump, I think Bloomberg would have a very difficult time beating Trump.

Biden, Bernie, Elizabeth and Amy all have a lot of Washington DC government experience and all four have well intentions.

Frankly, Joe Biden is devoid of financial acumen.  Biden is a very nice man, but he is so naive on economic issues that he isn't even aware of the extent of this continuing huge US income inequality expansion or precisely its cause which has been occurring under his nose for the past forty plus years.

Nor is Biden aware of, or else has decided to ignore, just how huge the largest US tax shelters are which are located right under his nose in his home State of Delaware, mostly in one Wilmington, Delaware building.  These Delaware tax shelters have substantially added to US income inequality each year.

Amy Klobuchar has very little financial acumen.  Similar to the way Republicans think, Amy successfully pushed strongly for tax breaks for the many Medical Companies in Minnesota but that has substantially expanded income inequality with no trickle down economic benefit to the middle and lower economic classes. 

Also on the very negative side, both Joe Biden and Amy Klobuchar voted for many years for the Annual Income Tax Loophole Extenders which dramatically increased US income inequality expansion each year.  On the positive side, voting for many years against these same Annual Income Tax Loophole Extenders were Elizabeth Warren and Bernie Sanders.

If you want four more years of huge US income inequality expansion like we have had in the past forty years, then Michael Bloomberg, Joe Biden and Bernie Sanders are your men and Amy Klobuchar is your woman.

I think Joe Biden would have a very difficult time beating Donald Trump.  With his advanced age, Biden has a very low energy level, whereas Trump, with his unbelievably high energy level, reminds me of the energizer bunny.  US citizens want an energetic US President.  Barack Obama clearly had it.  Joe Biden at his advanced age clearly doesn't.   

Bernie Sanders and Elizabeth Warren are still both saddled with their pure Medicare For All positions which, because of its incredibly prohibitive cost and of its removal of existing health care coverage that many people really like (especially union members and retirees choosing supplemental health insurance and Medicare Advantage), is highly unpopular to US general election Presidential voters at large.  

And Bernie and Elizabeth still don't know how large the ten-year cost of their Medicare For All will be.  Some outside pundits estimate the cost will run to in excess of $30 trillion over ten years, which will compound to in excess of $80 trillion over twenty years.  If so, there will be a US stock market crash, coupled with at best a deep US recession and maybe even a US depression.  And there will be no money available to pay a dime of social security benefits to the elderly.  Suffice it to say that neither Bernie nor Elizabeth are financial whizzes. 

If either of them won the 2020 Democratic Presidential Primary, they would have a very difficult time beating Donald Trump in the 2020 Presidential general election. 

A Jan 20-23, 2020 NY Times/Siena College poll of Iowa general election voters in the 2020 US Presidential general election showed that despite the fact that Trump beat Hillary Clinton in Iowa by nearly 10% in 2016, Iowa is clearly in play in 2020 if Pete Buttigieg is the candidate against Trump ..... Trump 45% to Pete's 44%.  On the other hand, if the candidate is Bernie Sanders, Trump wins by 6% ..... Trump 48% to Bernie's 42%. 

And this above poll saying that Pete Buttigieg is the best candidate to beat Donald Trump was reinforced later in the actual 2020 Iowa Democratic Presidential primary with the Edison Media entrance poll of Iowa voter preferences.  On the question "Would you rather nominate a candidate who can beat Donald Trump?", the Iowa caucus voters chose as follows: Pete 24%, Biden 23%, Warren 16%, Klobuchar 16%, Sanders 15% and Other 6%.

And these two polls were further reinforced even later in the actual New Hampshire Democratic primary exit polls where the voters who said that beating Donald Trump is the most important issue in their decision for picking a candidate, chose as their candidate: Pete Buttigieg 28%, Amy Klobuchar 21%, Bernie Sanders 21%, Elizabeth Warren 11% and Joe Biden 10%. 

   
I do think that Elizabeth Warren, with her consistently likable, charismatic, positive posture and fire in her belly, would stand a substantially better chance of beating Trump than Bernie would.  

I voted for Bernie in the 2016 Democratic Presidential primary but there are much better candidates to choose from in 2020 than in 2016 and also I feel that at his advanced age, Bernie now comes across too frequently as a grumpy old white guy.  Further, the bulk of the US general election Presidential voters think that Bernie believes in Socialism more than he does US Capitalism.  

On the other hand, Warren says she favors US capitalism but that it needs to work much fairer for the middle and lower US economic classes. 

So who is causing these extremely high Top-Tier Executives annual pay percentages increases, which tend to be much higher than the Companies' actual annual financial performance?

And who is causing the annual minuscule raises for the company non-executive employees? 

Generally it works like this.

The Company's Board of Directors set the pay standards for the total compensation of the CEO for each year.   
  
Then the CEO establishes the pay standards for the Top-Tier Executives, which is reviewed by the Company's Board of Directors.  

And the CEO also usually approves the overall pay and employee benefits annual percentage increases for each of the other levels of the Company's employees.

So who is this huge, continuing Company pay and employee benefit income inequality "on"?

Clearly it's "on" the Company's CEO and the Company's Board of Directors.

It's simple math.  The lower the annual percentage raise for the Company's non-executive employees, the higher the Company's annual profits and thus also the higher the annual percentage raise for the Company's executives since their annual pay raise is usually tied by formula to Company profits.

The end result is massive, continuing income inequality expansion.

And the only way it will be fixed is by a wisely-designed, Pete Buttigieg-type data-driven US Government tax legislation, which gives companies very nice tax incentives for paying non-executive employees very well in a given year and which also requires companies to pay a luxury tax when executives are paid clearly too much in a given year or when non-executive employees are clearly paid too little in a given year.  

In addition, it would be very helpful to dramatically increase the US Earned Income Tax Credit.

So, why hasn't it been fixed? 

Because more than half of the US Congress, including surprisingly more than a few Democrats, are effectively controlled by the US Corps or because the US President is controlled by the US Corps who are vigorously fighting to be at the top of the list of US Corps continuing to expand income inequality.

So how do you solve that problem?

Vote for US Senators, US House members and a US President who aren't controlled by the US Corps which view their non-executive employees and contract workers as Costs rather than as People ..... they all don't, but a clear majority of them do.


On another matter, the Nevada election caucus counts seem very strange to me.

I suggest that it is mathematically impossible for Pete Buttigieg to get a 17.3% Final Vote, which is already after the voter redistribution for the 15% threshold effect, which miraculously dropped down by 17% to only 14.3% in the Nevada County Convention Delegate Vote without some unfair actions to have occurred.

It is even more mathematically impossible for Amy Klobuchar to get a 7.3% Final Vote which dropped down by an amazing 42% to only 4.3% in the Nevada County Convention Delegate Vote without some unfair actions to have occurred.


So, Joe Biden got a Not First Vote but Final Vote of 18.9% in Nevada just edging out Pete Buttigieg's Not First Vote but Final Vote of 17.3%.  But unlike Pete's 17% dramatic drop in the Nevada County Convention Delegate Vote, for some strange reason Biden's Nevada County Convention Vote increased by 7%.

End result, Biden got 9 delegates and Pete only got 3 delegates, even though Biden got a final vote  of 18.9% and barely edged Pete's final vote of 17.3%.  

What you have here is massive vote count corruption in the Nevada Democratic establishment in favor of Democratic establishment candidate Joe Biden.  And the Democratic establishment is asserting that Russia is subverting the US election when it's a drop in the bucket as compared to how the US State Democratic establishments including Nevada are corrupting the vote count.

And all of the Nevada election workers have to sign Non Disclosure Agreements to work there.  I now understand why.

What you have here is massive Nevada Democratic Party corruption in Sin City.

This is why many people have so little trust in the Democratic Party establishment and now realize that the deck is stacked against any Democratic Presidential candidate other than Joe Biden and thus it only makes sense that some of them will probably react by not voting for Democratic establishment darling Joe Biden in US States all over the country on Super Tuesday.

From annual compensation information contained in Proxy Statement and 10-K filings with the US SEC, the tables at the bottom below shows all 6 largest Alabama Companies' Top-Tier Executives Annual Total Compensation for each of the two consecutive full years of employment for the five or ten-year periods.

Here's a summary of each of the 6 largest Alabama Companies' Top-Tier Executives Average Annual Pay and Employee Benefits Increase per year.  All Companies are all headquartered in Birmingham, Alabama.

  1. Medical Properties +20.1% per year for the past five years
  2. Protective Life +19.0% per year for the past five years
  3. Vulcan Materials +17.0 per year for the past five years
  4. Regions Financial +15.8% per year for the past ten years
  5. Encompass Health +14.8% per year for the past five years
  6. Energen Corp +13.2% per year for ten years
Median of all 6 Alabama Companies +16.4% per year


Medical Properties Inc

FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Medical Properties 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Aldag Chairman and CEO      13,213       7,608       7,608       5,507       5,507       6,446       6,446       6,557       6,557       6,338
 Hamner CFO        6,648       3,806       3,806       2,794       2,794       3,259       3,259       3,257       3,257       3,192
 McLean COO        6,017       3,471       3,471       2,483       2,483       2,606       2,606       2,787       2,787       2,694
 Totals      25,878     14,885     14,885     10,784     10,784     12,311     12,311     12,601     12,601     12,224
Annual % Change vs Prior Year 73.9% 38.0% -12.4% -2.3% 3.1%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 20.1%


Protective Life

FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Protective Life 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Bielen CEO        6,615       8,002       8,002       4,180       4,180       4,449       4,449       3,871       3,871       2,244
 Walker CFO        1,948       2,066       2,066       1,469    
 Johns Executive Chairman      11,201     13,127     13,127       6,385       6,385       6,062       6,062     11,190     11,190       7,770
 Temple Vice Chairman        2,423       3,006       3,006       1,598       1,598       2,554       2,554       1,373       1,373       1,119
 Thigpen        3,464       5,549       5,549       3,801       3,801       3,857       3,857       3,353       3,353       1,941
 Long        4,213       2,773       2,773       2,677       2,677       2,563       2,563       1,544
 Totals      25,651     31,750     35,963     20,206     18,737     19,599     19,599     22,350     22,350     14,618
Annual % Change vs Prior Year -19.2% 78.0% -4.4% -12.3% 52.9%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 19.0%


Vulcan Materials


FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Vulcan Materials 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Hill Chairman and CEO        7,681       7,199       7,199       7,531       7,531       8,262       8,262       4,205       4,205       2,457
 McPherson Former CFO        4,713       4,908       4,908       5,670       5,670       5,141       5,141       3,094       3,094       2,498
 Bass         2,662       2,711       2,711       3,101       3,101       3,496       3,496       2,459       2,459       2,419
 Mills        2,402       2,721       2,721       2,805       2,805       2,341       2,341       2,241       2,241       3,047
 Baker   N/A   N/A 
 Clement        1,341       1,801       1,801       1,620       1,620          581
 James Executive Chairman      13,360       8,373
 Shepherd Vice Chairman        3,841       2,434
 Sansone        3,611       2,409
 Totals      17,458     17,539     17,539     19,107     20,448     21,041     21,041     13,619     34,431     24,218
Annual % Change vs Prior Year -0.5% -8.2% -2.8% 54.5% 42.2%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 17.0%


Regions Financial


FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Regions Financial 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Hall Executive Chair      10,032     12,721     12,721     14,063     14,063     10,785     10,785     14,421     14,421     10,314
 John Turner CEO        7,398       4,345
 David Turner CFO        3,460       3,975       3,975       3,200       3,200       2,722       2,722       3,889       3,889       2,469
 Owen COO        4,616       4,611       4,611       3,888       3,888       3,543       3,543       4,692       4,692       3,380
 Lusco        3,735       3,279       3,279       2,796       2,796       2,423       2,423       3,356    
 Gale GC        2,854       2,783       2,783       2,235       2,235       1,954       1,954       2,283       2,283       1,815
 Totals      32,095     31,714     27,369     26,182     26,182     21,427     21,427     28,641     25,285     17,978
Annual % Change vs Prior Year 1.2% 4.5% 22.2% -25.2% 40.6%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 8.7%
FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Regions Financial 2013 2012 2012 2011 2011 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Hall Executive Chair      10,314     11,897     11,897       6,381       6,381       5,116       5,116       4,228       4,228       3,977
 David Turner CFO        2,469       3,054       3,054       1,721       1,721       1,174    
 Owen COO        3,380       3,185       3,185       2,150       2,150       1,552    
 Gale GC        1,815       1,693  N/A   N/A     
 Edmonds        3,985       3,600       3,600       1,979       1,979       1,560       1,560       1,838       1,838       2,032
 Carson        2,529       2,217
 Ritter Former Chairman and CEO   N/A   N/A        9,669       6,808
 Esteves Former CFO   N/A   N/A   N/A   N/A 
 Wells        1,652       3,498
 Totals      21,963     23,429     21,736     12,231     14,760     11,619       6,676       6,066     17,387     16,315
Annual % Change vs Prior Year -6.3% 77.7% 27.0% 10.1% 6.6%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 23.0%
10 Year Average Per Year % Change 15.8%


Encompass Health


FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Encompass Health 2018 2017 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 Tarr CEO        6,388       4,934       4,934       2,380       2,380       2,457       2,457       2,391       2,391       2,003
 Coltharp CFO        3,122       2,971       2,971       2,769       2,769       1,761       1,761       1,769       1,769       1,757
 Jacobsmeyer        2,064       1,574       1,574       1,117    
 Darby GC        1,715       1,588  N/A   N/A     
 Levy CHRO        1,121       1,083       1,083          956          956          895          895          890          890          914
 Grinney Former CEO        7,294       7,816       7,816       7,400       7,400       7,355
 Whittington GC        1,658       1,688       1,688       1,752
 Totals      14,410     12,150     10,562       7,222     13,399     12,929     14,587     14,138     14,138     13,781
Annual % Change vs Prior Year 18.6% 46.2% 3.6% 3.2% 2.6%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 14.8%


Energen Corp


FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Energen Corp 2017 2016 2016 2015 2015 2014 2014 2013 2013 2012
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 McManus Chairman and CEO        6,868       4,985       4,985       7,897       7,897       5,958       5,958       6,861       6,861       7,106
 Porter CFO        2,942       2,172       2,172       3,365       3,365       2,351       2,351       2,013       2,013       2,409
 Richardson COO        3,241       2,392       2,392       3,716       3,716       2,990       2,990       2,418       2,418       3,123
 Godsey        1,438       1,173       1,173       1,582       1,582       1,270    
 Woodruff GC        1,305       1,264       1,264       1,828       1,828       1,506       1,506       1,048       1,048       1,809
 Reynolds                   913       1,614
 Totals      15,794     11,986     11,986     18,388     18,388     14,075     12,805     12,340     13,253     16,061
Annual % Change vs Prior Year 31.8% -34.8% 30.6% 3.8% -17.5%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 2.8%
FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE FYE
Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec Dec
Energen Corp 2012 2011 2011 2010 2010 2009 2009 2008 2008 2007
Top-Tier Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total
Executive Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp Comp
$ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s $ 000s
 McManus Chairman and CEO        7,106       4,749       4,749       4,144       4,144       4,599       4,599       3,144       3,144       2,486
 Porter CFO        2,409       1,562       1,562       1,352       1,352       1,451       1,451          919          919          771
 Richardson COO        3,123       1,933       1,933       1,860       1,860       2,026       2,026       1,384       1,384       1,032
 Woodruff GC        1,809       1,350       1,350       1,181       1,181       1,342       1,342          919          919          869
 Reynolds        1,614       1,299       1,299       1,330       1,330       1,243       1,243          972          972          854
 Totals      16,061     10,893     10,893       9,867       9,867     10,661     10,661       7,338       7,338       6,012
Annual % Change vs Prior Year 47.4% 10.4% -7.4% 45.3% 22.1%
5 Year Average Per Year % Change 23.5%
10 Year Average Per Year % Change 13.2%